Our cosmic ancestors pdf download

It was enough to turn either the telescope or the sextant and take aim of certain points of the Moon's surface or some star - Canopus, for example - and the computer would transmit the exact angles of the sightings with the three axes of the stabilized platform to Earth with all the necessary information.

The distance from Earth or Moon was measured simply by taking the angular reading of the Moon's disc or the two sides of the Earth. To take these readings, the capsule had to be moved on all three principal axes, and this was achieved by firing small rockets placed all around the service module. To avoid overheating, Apollo had to be 17 rotated constantly so that one side would not be exposed all the time to the Sun. What were the means of communication between Apollo and the Earth? At close distances, the exact position of Apollo was measured by tracking radar from Earth in the C band between 5, and 5, MHz megahertz, a unit of frequency.

The radar signal was received and amplified by a transponder and retransmitted by Apollo back to Earth. When Apollo arrived within proximity of the Moon, the communications systems previously used could not reach that far; so all communications went through one single, very powerful, transmitter with a directional antenna in the S band, between 2, and 2, MHz, with a great number of channels, each transmitting several signals at the same time through multiplexing.

For instance, there were seven channels to feed medical information about the physical condition of the astronauts, nine to retransmit the stored telemetry data from the passage behind the Moon that could not be beamed directly.

The communication systems were improved from one Apollo mission to the next, especially the television system. Today the Apollo program has long been terminated and nearly forgotten. So perhaps it would be useful to recall these eleven sensational missions in the order that they were launched.

Altogether there were twenty Apollo modules built, of which twelve were supposed to be launched. The rest were to be tested for endurance, heat resistance, buoyancy, and many other qualities. The first of the dozen modules intended for launch, named Apollo 6, burned up in a flash during a practice countdown on the ground on 27 January, , killing all three astronauts on board - Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White II, and Roger B. The whole Apollo program was interrupted until the command module could be redesigned and rebuilt so that an electrical fire in the oxygen-laden atmosphere inside the module could not occur again.

Apollo 7 with Walter M. Schirra, Jr. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham stayed in orbit around the Earth for eleven days, 18 October, , for a breakdown test. All worked well. Apollo was ready to fly to the Moon. Apollo 8, with three astronauts, Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr, and William A. Anders aboard made man's first Moon orbit, at an altitude of about sixty miles above its surface, the first time the hidden face of the Moon had ever been seen by man himself.

This first Moon mission lasted December, Apollo 9, carrying the lunar module for the first time, with James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart aboard, hung ten days long in orbit around the Earth March, , to test the separation and rendezvous of the command module and the lunar module.

Schweickart went outside the command module and took a spacewalk, attached to the ship by an umbilical cord. The Apollo 10 mission took place May, , with Thomas P. Stafford, John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan aboard.

Young stayed in the command module in orbit around the Moon, while Stafford and Cernan descended in the lunar module to less than ten miles above the surface and then rejoined the command module in orbit. Apollo II, with Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. While Collins flew in orbit around the Moon in the command module, Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the lunar module, landing in the Sea of Tranquility at pm, 20 July, , after a flight of hours 45 minutes from the Earth.

The time was pm EDT. Aldrin followed him after a few minutes. The Americans were first on the Moon! All returned to Earth safely on 24 July. Apollo 12 carried Charles Conrad, Jr.

Gordon, and Alan L. Bean through thunderclouds right at the start, experiencing an electrical discharge of short duration that did not hamper the flight. The mission, lasting ten days, November, , took Conrad and Bean to the Sea of Storms, right next to Surveyor 3, which had landed there two and a half years before.

Some of the more important parts from Surveyor 3 were brought back in remarkably good condition. Lovell, Jr. Haise, Jr. Swigert, Jr. The mission which took place April, , was already halfway to the Moon when one of the oxygen tanks exploded, knocking out some instruments. The question was no longer how to land on the Moon but how to get back to Earth as soon as possible.

It was decided that the best solution was to continue the flight to the Moon, make a loop around it, and come straight for a splashdown, all the time saving as much oxygen as possible. Everything went as planned, and Apollo 13 returned safely without further complications. The cause of the explosion was never determined, although several official explanations were given. Apollo 14, with Alan B. Shepard Jr. Roosa, and Edgar D. Mitchell aboard, went to the Moon from 31 January to 9 February, , landing in the hills of Fra Mauro, and using a cart to transport the scientific instruments.

Apollo 15 took David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. It carried a 'lunar rover', an electric vehicle that made it possible for Scott and Irwin to take several trips on the Moon's surface, covering nearly twenty miles. This Moon 'jeep' also made it possible for people on Earth to see the takeoff blast of the lunar module on live television, since the rover and its television camera and transmitter were left behind on the Moon.

Apollo 16, with Charles M. Duke, Thomas K. Mattingly, and John W. Young aboard, landed in the Descartes Highlands. The mission, April, , brought back the most extraordinary photographs in ultraviolet light of the Earth's atmosphere, interplanetary gases, and many stars, constellations, and galaxies.

Apollo 17, with Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans and Harrison H. Schmitt aboard, flew to the Moon on 7 December and returned on 19 December, The landing spot was in the Taurus-Littrow Valley. This Apollo mission was the longest both in time and in distance covered and also brought back the biggest load of Moon rocks. In addition, Schmitt, a geologist, was the first civilian to visit the Moon, all the other astronauts having been military men.

With Apollo 17 the program, which had started in the 's with so much enthusiasm, ended amid growing indifference and even some hostility from many 20 Americans who were shocked to find out how high the cost of the landing on the Moon really was. Some even complained that the live television coverage of the Moon missions had pre-empted their cherished football games. During these missions several strange things happened. Some still cannot be talked about; and some I will mention without revealing my sources of information and with the utmost reserve, because I personally was not there when the incidents allegedly took place.

It could be, for example, that both the American and the Russian space programs did bring back discoveries that were not anticipated. The American space program was an extraordinary success, but it should not be assumed that everything went smoothly all of the time. There were many technical difficulties to be dealt with in flight, but with the means aboard, the crews could solve them all in short time.

Some breakdowns required consultation with and advice from the controllers and technicians in Mission Control at the Flight Center in Houston. Difficulties started as early as the first flights of the Gemini program, the second phase in the American push to reach the Moon. The first was the single-man Mercury program. It made three orbits around the Earth and was supposed to re-enter the atmosphere at a very precise angle in order to achieve the greatest possible slowdown before landing.

But the spacecraft's guidance computer did not work properly and it landed nearly sixty miles short of the target area where a US Navy carrier was waiting to pick it up. Gemini 4 was launched on 3 June, , with James A.

McDivitt and Edward White aboard, and achieved an elliptical orbit between and miles above Earth. With McDivitt photographing him, White went for a 'spacewalk', but when he returned to the craft, the door of the capsule would not close. It took some time to fix that. In all, Gemini 4 made sixty-two Earth orbits, returning 7 June. As on the previous flight, its landing computer malfunctioned and the splashdown was again sixty miles short of the pick-up carrier.

When, on 21 August, , Gemini 5 put L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. Mission Control gave the order to descend, which the craft did on 29 August, after a record eight-day flight. Gemini 6, with Walter Schirra and Thomas P. Stafford aboard, wouldn't lift off the launching pad and the rocket motors had to be stopped - always a very dangerous process. Gemini 7 was supposed to make a rendezvous with Gemini 6 in space, but Mission Control decided to launch Gemini 7 first.

Gemini 7 was launched on 4 December, , with Frank Borman and James Lovell aboard, and was placed in a circular parking orbit of less than miles altitude, where it waited until 9 December, when Gemini 6 finally was able to lift off. Gemini 7's flight set a new endurance record of fourteen days and the planned rendezvous of the two spaceships took place without further complications.

Scott aboard, and after only five revolutions around the globe succeeded in catching up and docking with an unmanned 3-ton Agena rocket that was already in orbit.

But exactly 28 minutes after the successful docking there was real trouble. For no apparent reason, the two linked spacecraft began to spin. The astronauts in Gemini 8 decided to free themselves from the Agena, but the Gemini capsule continued to rotate faster and faster.

The astronauts themselves found the source of the trouble. One of the stabilizing rockets had failed to turn off and was causing the spin. All fifteen remaining stabilizers had to be reignited in turn to counteract the momentum caused by the spinning and to bring Gemini back to normal attitude. When this was finally achieved, only a quarter of the rocket fuel remained. Instead of the planned three-day flight in orbit, the mission had lasted only seven hours when Mission Control ordered Gemini 8 to return to Earth immediately.

Gemini 9, with Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan aboard, also had to carry out docking with another Agena rocket in orbit miles up; but the Agena wouldn't start as planned on 17 May, Another Agena rocket was launched on 1 June, but some trouble on the launching pad delayed the start of Gemini 9 for two days. Finally, on 3 June, Stafford and Cernan lifted off and caught the Agena 22 after only three orbits.

However, they could not dock properly because the locking system wasn't fully opened. On the second day of the Gemini 9 mission Cernan stepped out into space but had to come back in a hurry.

He was using up his energy four times faster than had been expected and had difficulties with orientation. Finally he could not see anything, because his helmet fogged up completely. The planned experiment with an individual rocket propulsion system for the astronauts floating in space had to be abandoned, and the whole mission lasted only three days.

Gemini 10 was launched on 18 July, , with John Young and Michael Collins aboard, minutes after an Agena rocket had blasted off in a wrong orbit, again because of a computer error. The astronauts had to use up sixty per cent of their fuel before they caught up with the Agena and docked.

The two linked ships then used the big Agena rocket motor to reach an orbit miles up and find the other Agena of Gemini 8 that was orbiting the globe. The first triple rendezvous in space was accomplished. Gemini 11 took off on 12 September, , with Richard Gordon and Charles Conrad aboard, 1 hour 37 minutes after lift-off of an Agena rocket. It took them only 94 minutes to catch it and dock, an important achievement in fuel economy. The next day Gordon took a walk in space detaching a cable from the Agena and fastening it to Gemini.

This operation was scheduled to last for minutes, but Gordon like Cernan before had trouble with his respiration, tired fast, and ran out of breath in 38 minutes.

He had to return to the Gemini capsule, whereupon both astronauts started up the big Agena motor and lifted themselves to a new altitude record of miles above Earth. In this new orbit Gordon made another space walk without difficulties. Gemini 12, the last of the series, had its lift-off on 11 November, with James Lovell and Edwin Aldrin aboard. It made the link-up with its Agena on the third orbit.

Three space walks were planned, but Mission Control discovered some instability in the linked-up pair and refused permission to use the big Agena motor.

Instead the astronauts had to climb to a higher orbit using only the small auxiliary motors. That was accomplished and Aldrin had his three walks without incident. That was possible mainly because of the composure and the extraordinary technical competence of the astronauts. The European astronautical engineers should learn a lesson from these experiences of the American space program. They are not, as they think, the only ones with troubles. Three of the most capable American astronauts died when the real drama started, in the fire on the ground in the Apollo 6 capsule during the very last test before the flight.

But the astronauts were not limited to equipment troubles. They saw things during their missions that could not be discussed with anyone outside of NASA.

It is very difficult to obtain any specific information from NASA, which still exercises a very strict control over any disclosure of these events. It seems that all Apollo and Gemini flights were followed, both at a distance and sometimes also quite closely, by space vehicles of extraterrestrial origin - flying saucers, or UFO's unidentified flying objects , if you want to call them by that name. Every time it occurred, the astronauts informed Mission Control, who then ordered absolute silence.

I think that Walter Schirra aboard Mercury 8 was the first of the astronauts to use the code name 'Santa Claus' to indicate the presence of flying saucers next to space capsules. However, his announcements were barely noticed by the general public. It was a little different when James Lovell on board the Apollo 8 command module came out from behind the moon and said for everybody to hear: 'We have been informed that Santa Claus does exist!

James McDivitt was apparently the first to photograph an unidentified flying object, on 4 June, , when he was over Hawaii aboard Gemini 4. The UFOs looked like gigantic mushrooms with their propulsion systems clearly showing a glow on the underside. These were observed for quite some time and photographed repeatedly.

Edwin Aldrin took several pictures of them. Some of these photographs have been published in the June issue of Modern People magazine. The magazine did not tell where it got them, vaguely hinting at some Japanese source. There was even some talk that the Apollo 13 mission carried a nuclear device aboard that could be set off to make measurements of the infrastructure of the Moon and whose detonations would show on the charts of several recording seismographs placed in different locations. The unexplained explosion of an oxygen tank in the service module of Apollo 13 on its flight to the Moon, according to rumors, was caused deliberately by a UFO that was following the capsule to prevent the detonation of the atomic charge that could possibly have destroyed or endangered some Moon base established by extraterrestrials.

Well, there was a lot of talk and there still is. It was also said that during their flights, our astronauts frequently felt as if some external forces were trying to take over their minds. They experienced strange sensations and visions. What seems almost certain is that some of the astronauts did have psychological problems and changes of personality after their missions in space. Some turned deeply religious, some seemed to develop mental trouble - facts that, of course, could be ascribed to pure coincidence without particular significance.

The experiments in telepathy carried out in space by some astronauts have been discussed and even published. Special symbol cards of geometric figures were used to transmit thought from the participant in orbit around the Moon to the correspondent on the surface of the Earth.

Most of these experiments were successful, 25 much more so than similar telepathic experiments conducted on Earth, which generally had a lower score. Then there is the case of astronaut Gordon Cooper that arouses curiosity for more than one reason. He was the pilot of Mercury 9 in and of Gemini 5 in He was unquestionably one of our most skilled space pilots, yet he never flew an Apollo.

Gordon Cooper, now manufacturing skydiving parachutes after having quit the space program, has never told anyone outside of NASA what he saw in space. But there are those who think NASA may have removed him from the Apollo flights because he had seen too much. It is also curious that this man, who is not only an astronaut but also a scientist, has now become a firm believer in extraterrestrial life and civilizations and is convinced that space visitors to Earth have been around for a long time, from the most distant past up to this very day.

Not long ago Gordon Cooper participated in an archaeological expedition to South America that discovered the remnants of a very old and very advanced civilization dating back more than five thousand years. Pottery, sculptures, and hieroglyphs very similar to Egyptian artifacts of the same period were discovered, confirming once more the theory the Egyptian and American cultures had a common origin. It is quite natural for a famous astronaut to be interested in ancient astronauts, but one may still wonder whether Cooper did not acquire his sudden interest in extraterrestrial civilizations by seeing for himself in space, things that he did not have the right to tell us.

For millennia they tried hard to discover the secrets of this marvelous clock. These sky watchers realized that a very long period of time, one probably encompassing millions of years, had to exist that would represent in even numbers, the revolutions of all the celestial objects.

At the end of such a constant period, all the bodies of the firmament would again find themselves in their original positions on the band of the zodiac. These astrologers and mathematicians called this time span the 'great constant' or the 'great year', but did not know that indeed this number existed and had been calculated tens of thousands of years before their time to be used by early civilizations, but then lost and forgotten as cataclysmic natural disasters and wars destroyed one civilization after another.

The astrologers tried in vain to find the great constant and finally gave up. But now, by a chain of strange coincidences, this magic number has been found on an old clay tablet from Nineveh. Around the middle of the nineteenth century there was a French consul, Paul Emile Botta, in Mosul, in what is now Iraq, who had very little to do.

To kill time Botta took long horseback rides into the desert and the hills surrounding the city. He noticed that some of the mounds had so perfectly rounded forms that they could not have been made by nature.

Share this book Facebook. Last edited anonymously. May 19, History. An edition of Our Cosmic Ancestors Libraries near you: WorldCat. Community Reviews 0 Feedback? Lists containing this Book Curios from Ayshia Taskin.

Chatelain, Our Cosmic Ancestors , Skip to content. The book is captivating reading from beginning to end.

Natural Hair Care for Busy Heads. The book is captivating reading from beginning to end. However Mr. Chatelain's purpose in sharing these exciting discoveries lies in the hope that all humans will extend their horizons, to release fear of the unknown just enough that another generation will exhibit growing curiosity to continue the search for signs of purposeful nurturing of this planet.

From reader reviews: Henry Jensen: This Our Cosmic Ancestors book is just not ordinary book, you have it then the world is in your hands. The benefit you have by reading this book is actually information inside this reserve incredible fresh, you will get facts which is getting deeper you read a lot of information you will get.

This specific Our Cosmic Ancestors without we recognize teach the one who examining it become critical in contemplating and analyzing.